Robotics: Science and Systems

Mars Exploration Rover

Overview

This cross-listed course (undergraduate version CSC477H, graduate version CSC2630H) provides an introduction to robotic systems from a computational perspective. A robot is regarded as an intelligent computer that can use sensors and act on the world. We will consider the definitional problems in robotics and look at how they are being solved in practice and by the research community. The emphasis is on algorithms, probabilistic reasoning, optimization, inference mechanisms, and behavior strategies, as opposed to electromechanical systems design. This course aims to help students improve their probabilistic modeling skills and instill the idea that a robot that explicitly accounts for its uncertainty works better than a robot that does not.

Course Details

Instructor
Florian Shkurti
x@cs.toronto.edu, x=csc477-instructor
Lectures: Wed, 3-5pm ET
Office Hours: Thu, 3-4pm ET
Teaching Assistants
Yewon Lee
Office Hours: Tue 11am-noon ET
Yasasa Abeysirigoonawardena
Office Hours: Fri 11am-noon ET
Radian Gondokaryono
Office Hours: TBA
Tutorials: Wed, 5-6pm ET
y@cs.toronto.edu, y=csc477-tas
Course Links
Zoom links will be posted on Quercus
Announcements will be posted on Quercus
Discussions will take place on Piazza
Anonymous feedback form for suggested improvements
Course Syllabus

Cross-Campus Course Delivery

Lectures for this course will be delivered in person by the instructor at the UTM campus on Wednesdays 3-5pm ET, in MN3190. Lectures will also be livestreamed on Zoom for those joining remotely, and projected in the Myhal Building in the St George campus, room MY580, for students who want to join in person from the St George campus. There will be a videconferencing setup in MY580 and MN3190, allowing all students to ask questions live. Lectures will be recorded and posted online a few hours after the recording.

Tutorials for this course will be delivered in person by one of the TAs at the UTM campus on Wednesdays 5-6pm ET, in DH2020. Tutorials will also be livestreamed on Zoom for those joining remotely, and projected in the Myhal Building in the St George campus, room MY580, for students who want to join in person from the St George campus. There will be a videconferencing setup in MY580 and DH2020, allowing all students to ask questions live. Tutorials will be recorded and posted online a few hours after the recording.

Office hours for this course will be delivered on Zoom. In person office hours can be arranged by appointment.



Course Description

This course will broadly cover the following areas:

  • Kinematics and Dynamics: how can we model robotic systems using approximate physical models that enable us to make predictions about how robots move in response to given commands?
  • Feedback Control and Planning: how can we compute the commands that can bring a robotic system from its current state to a desired state?
  • Mapping: how can we combine noisy measurements from sensors with the robot’s pose to build a map of the environment?
  • State Estimation: the state of the robot is not always directly measurable/observable. How can we determine the relative weighs of multiple sensor measurements in order to form an accurate estimate of the (hidden) state?
  • Geometry of Computer Vision: how can modeling pixel projections on an RGB camera help us infer the 3D structure of the world? How can we triangulate points seen from two cameras? How can we estimate the camera’s pose (and therefore the robot’s) while it is moving in the environment?

Schedule

Week Date Lecture Tutorial/Practical Slides Reading
1 Sep 14 Introduction
Motivation, logistics, rough description of assignments, sense-plan-act paradigm.
Syllabus

Sensors and Actuators
Camera, LiDAR, tactile, IMU, depth, GPS, Hall-effect sensors, encoders, RGBD. Pulse-Width Modulation. Motors.

None



pdf
Dudek & Jenkin 3.1.1,4, 3.2-3, 4.1-8, 4.10, 5.1.1
Optional: Mike Langer's notes
2 Sep 21 Kinematics
Frames of reference. Rotation representations. Homogeneous coordinates and transformations. Rigid body motion.

Dynamics
Dynamical systems and control. Examples: Dubins car, differential drive car, unicycle, pendulum, cartpole, quadcopter. Holonomic vs. non-holonomic systems.

Intro to ROS pdf, pptx



Paul Furgale: robot pose
Lavalle 13.1
Dudek & Jenkin 3.1.5,6
3 Sep 28 PID Control
Tuning, cascading PID, advantages and drawbacks.

Artificial Potential Fields and Obstacle Avoidance
Implementation issues, navigation functions. Vector-field histogram (VFH), dynamic window approach (DWA).

Linear algebra refresher pdf, pptx



Optional: Astrom and Hagglund, Ch. 2

Lavalle Ch. 8.4
Dudek & Jenkin 6.3.4
Optional: Howie Choset's notes
4 Oct 5 Planning
Dijkstra, A*, Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRT), Probabilistic RoadMaps (PRM)
Probability refresher pdf, pptx Blog post on A*
Udacity Lesson 4
Lavalle 5.5, 5.6
Oct 12 Reading week at UTM. No office hours, lectures, or tutorials this week.



5 Oct 19 Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR)
Computing optimal actions for linear dynamical systems with quadratic cost-to-go functions.


Intro to numpy, Implementing LQR pdf, pptx, code Optional: Stephen Boyd's LQR notes and examples
6 Oct 26 Map Representations and Map Alignment
Occupancy grids, Octrees, Voronoi Graph, Homotopy Classes. Map alignment with known or unknown correspondences. Iterative Closest Point (ICP).


Occupancy Grid Mapping With Known Robot Poses
Log-odds ratio, Probabilistic dynamics and measurement models, Bayesian estimation.

Derivations for occupancy grid mapping pdf, pptx Pieter Abbeel's notes Pieter Abbeel's notes
Probabilistic Robotics Ch. 2 and Ch. 9
7 Nov 2 Maximum Likelihood, Least Squares Estimation, Maximum A Posteriori Estimation
Least squares as a special case of maximum likelihood estimation on Gaussian models.

GraphSLAM
Expectation and Covariance. Geometric interpretation of the covariance matrix. Nonlinear Least Squares formulation of the Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) problem.

Demonstrating gMapping pdf, pptx Udacity Lesson 6
Probabilistic Robotics Ch. 11
8 Nov 9 Kalman Filter
Bayes' rule on Gaussian distributions. Example of 1D Kalman Filter.

Bayes' Filter and Kalman Filter
Kalman Filter as a special case of Bayes' Filter. Examples of 2D and 4D Kalman Filter. General prediction and update equations.

pdf, pptx Udacity Lesson 2
Kalman Filter, Illustrated, Probabilistic Robotics Ch. 2,3
9 Nov 16 Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)
Bayes' Filter and nonlinear transformations. Monte Carlo sampling vs. Linearization. EKF prediction and update equations. Examples: EKF Localization and EKF SLAM.


Basic Kalman Filter implementation, Kalman Filter Summary Notes pdf, pptx Cyrill Stachniss' intro to EKF
Cyrill Stachniss' intro to EKF-SLAM
Probabilistic Robotics Ch. 2,3
10 Nov 23 Particle Filter
Representing multimodal distributions. Particle propagation and resampling. Pathologies of particle filter. Importance Sampling. Examples: Markov localization in a known map. FastSLAM.

pdf, pptx Udacity Lesson 3
Optional: Thrun's paper on PF
11 Nov 30 Camera Optics and Multi-view Geometry
Pinhole cameras, lenses, perspective projection. Aperture, focal length, exposure time, depth-of-field. Structure from Motion.
pdf, pptx Optional: James Tompkin's notes.
Sanja Fidler's notes on depth from stereo
12 Dec 7 Visual odometry and Visual SLAM
Epipolar constraints. Depth from stereo disparity for parallel cameras. Triangulation as a least-squares problem. Scale issues in visual odometry with a single camera. Visual SLAM vs. structure from motion.
pdf, pptx Optional: James Tompkin's notes on stereo and SfM.
Sanja Fidler's notes on depth from stereo
13 Dec 8 Study break, beginning of exams
Review for final exam

Assignments

CSC477 Marking Scheme

CSC2630 Marking Scheme

Recommended, but optional, textbooks

Self-Driving RC Cars

In addition to simulation, the assignments of this course include hands-on experience with RC-cars with navigation sensors (Intel Realsense RGBD cameras, Hokuyo 2D LiDAR, IMU) and onboard computing (NVIDIA Jetson Xavier). We bought these cars from the RACECAR/J team and we are making them available to undergraduate and graduate students for their assignments or final project.



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