----------------NEW333 LEC01 topic proposal - 3 paragraphs Motivation for the topic Relevant to the course How 2500 words is adequate Nb course code on sheet APA BIBLIOGRAPHY 6-10 sources outside the books, from peer reviewed journals with emphasis on the last 15 years Attach topic proposal to final essay Essay - APA format, citations, no section headings Advance a challenging thesis that requires persuasion CogSci and Buddhism 2nd generation cognitive science is very much relatable to the way Buddhism is being transformed in the west Buddhism is always adapted when imported Cogsci is revolutionizing the world Buddhist lifestyle is consonant with cogsci West is gong through a meaning crisis. To address it, that confluence is evolving in parallel World view: theory about the world and theory about how the world is viewed Aristotle: conformity theory - knowing something is knowing how t came to be Structural knowledge about the notion (conformity is between the form and understanding of the form) 3 steps t avoid inconformity: sense not malfunctioning, no distortion in media (environment), other ppl This is the intuitive, common sense approach Everything has a purpose in the universe innately this view of the world is in adequation with conformity - geocentric and functional and purposeful Ppl need a narrative understanding (contextual++ ?) Christianism comes along to provide the story Cosmos is a beautiful functional place - mind and world in touch This encompassing theory is very satisfactory Trading leads to celestial research Arab numbers zero and algebra improve cognition Celestial observation leads to figuring out the orbits of planets - Copernicus Abstractiveness of the new mental experience promotes distinction between structure of one's mind and the world. Universe mechanics are abstract Motion is not inherent, no internal drive, this things are dead, purposeless Luther: meaning is relayed the individual, you are in charge of your decisions In university knowledge was catered, and monastery was catering to wisdom Closing monasteries : no more institution for wisdom -> crisis While the whole world view was falling apart, Descartes comes along to preach math as the backbone of the world Abstraction as a means to make part with illusion Neo platonic view = action at distance, Universe is self organised , dynamic embodiment -> mortality - mind is material > matter is inert > causation is intimately inked to contact > mind is immaterial Sensations don't exist in the world (only math), understanding of a notion its essence > very drastic implications, world is void of meaning Consciousness is the mind touching itself Thus world needs to be constructed inside the mind, disconnection How can immaterial mind drive the material body, disconnection God is an interface between mind and body, weak link in Descartes new world view > however mind is also godlike, taking (epistemologic implication > in the context of the universe, individuals are insignificant, purposeless (metaphysical implication >>> placement crisis: conflict between both Side note= remember the recursiveness of the cogito ergo sum -> Cognitive science tries to provide a scientific explanation of the formation of science, cognition Thus cogsci is in the middle of a similar placement conflict Real = mathematically described However, consciousness is the most real >>> intelligibility crisis: how do we determine what is real ----------------NEW333 LEC02 Plausibility Convergence: trustworthiness Elegance: multiapness Balance: profundity Bridges between different levels form cognitive science theoretical constructs Cognitive science is trying to fill the gap formed by cognition not being concerned by individuals Psyche = power of animation 3revolu axial revolution Thales: all is the moist, the lodestone has psyche, all things are full of gods Before, narrative was required to explain. Above is early case of ontological analysis (substantiation -> naturalistic understanding) I.e. difference in the approach is by going in depth in the concept rather than going back 'in time' to recount the 'story'. 'Gods' -> core reality is divine (most real) --> analyse Descartes: explain with abstractness (homuncular fallacy- little man in the brain = cyclical explanation) -->formalize Turing: computational cognition AI. --> mechanize Intelligence: problem solving (adaptability/versatility) Problem solving: Initial state, goal state, path constraints Upper bound is F^D nodes to check, however we only check a very small amount Formulate the problem: defines the structure of the nodes Process must able breakdown, reformulate itself <- relevance realization Dynamically self restructuring (9 dots, think outside the box) Dynamical relevance realization Awareness of your own awareness = mindfulness Well structured vs ill defined Problem structure -> avoids combinatorial explosion Relevance realization Mind and body, mind and world, these connections (relevance realization) ----------------NEW333 LEC03 Cognitive science is not just an umbrella term -> synoptic integration Plausibility Convergence -> Trustworthiness + aptness -> elegance = profundity One imperative: aims to be next breakthrough: Thales (ontological analysis) Descartes (analyse-> formalize) Turing (formalize-> mechanize) Cognitive science creates plausible constructs that bring more synaptic integration under the naturalistic imperative problem solving: focusing on the heart of the problem, eliminating useless Ill-defined problems, problems with non trivial formulation -> must come up with it Problem formulation _--> Combinatorial explosion + -> dynamic, versatile - must be able to reformulate itself, transcending itself (Relevance realization) Meaning of life = relevance realization Meaning crisis - solved by mindfulness/relevance realization Acting - behaving -> actively define behaviour Pay attention to unattended side effects as well as core problem Proliferation of side effects Locke - similarity Problem solving + proliferation of side effects + categorization + communication => relevance realization Convey mor than you say -> context Communication channel -> intellectual cooperation psychometric tests test RR Can't be a scientific theory of relevance RR -> general intelligence Generalization= Class must be homogeneous stable intrinsic Relevance lacks all these properties -> no scientific generalization possible However science can construct a theory of RR Relevance realization is an evolving concept at its essence Darwin proposed a mechanism of evolution Kant= there can't be a science of biology because all its arguments are circular -------> EVOLUTION Causes - constraints Cause is a change in actuality Constraint is a change in possibility enabling constraints increases possibilities Selective constraints restrict possibilities Both are integrated (locked into each other) -> ping pong (point of processing) - self regulation - enables evolution (RR) Versatility vs mastery (general purpose vs specialized) this depends on relevance realization Manifold likeness of problem (solving) space - partition and apply specific methods Integration vs differentiation (assimilation vs accommodation) --> integration (neurons fire together -> syncronise) - asynchronous firing -> differentiation -> complexification -> self organizing criticality asynchrony -> Efficiency vs resiliency Phase reset (tutcher 2009) -> correlation dynamic balance - general intelligence Network theory Regular - high average path distance. Resiliency up, efficiency down random - low average path distance. Resiliency down, efficiency up small world - compromise Small world network (firing and wiring for RR) -> bla bla (Langer 2012) ----------------NEW333 LEC04 RR - analogy with evolutionary theory - dynamic akin to fitness (need to adapt) Complexification _ self organizing / point of processing central capacity of general intelligence small world networks wiring of the brain <--> point of processing Langer et al 2012 phenomenology -- reflective observation of experience RR Pre-rational Pre-empirical Pre-conceptual (All representation is aspectual) Pre-normative (beautiful...) /realness (authenticity)-meta value Pre-intelligent Pre-egoic (I.e these presuppose RR) - fundamental framing RR -> grounding phenomena -> Meta-meaning Autopoetic is organism that is self organized to make itself (take care of itself) Ability to take care of the world comes from being able to take care of oneself deep continuity hypothesis -- Biological processes - auto poetic chemical processes Filling out of alternatives when uncertainty is what info is for the receiver Signal / noise (contextual Info - signals that bring down uncertainty Signal is covered by noise Type I And type ii errors: think noise is signal, think signal is noise Autopoetic organisms sacrifice accuracy (type I error) to limit type ii information: Partial Polluted Plethora of potential Solution: Learn patterns and project (extrapolation), filter signals that don't fall into patterns Signal producer -> signal generator Cf dimensions of RR (pic) Horror -> comes from anxiety - absurdity - transcendence Patterns in events -> course of action (actuality) Acting - reaction of the world - reacting etc... >> procedural knowledge (how to skills) Vs propositional knowledge Facts (vs events) are statements about constraints on actuality >>patterns in constraints -> conditions on facts >>aggregate skills together = expertise >>aggregate facts together = theories 3rd category of learning: perspectival learning (learning how to be something by shifting perspective and taking on the role of something) >>autism - lack this ability > patterns in events <-> patterns in constraints <-> role ---> mind sight Correlevance of signals -> contrast between signal and background Diachronic -- synchronic Learning: association, correlation - causal patterns --> being able to predict --> active learners (predict the environment) vs passive learners Anticipation (prediction + preparation) Hyperbolic discounting - taking a quick discounted reward instead of waiting for a better one Cf Experimentation with pigeon - commitment response perspectival learning -> enables you to model yourself - closely related to anticipation By avoiding hyperbolic discounting one is regulating itself to be more prepared Perspective knowledge enables outrospection Salience landscape (inwards + outwards) = how things stand out for you Dynamic landscape Boredom = salient landscape becoming flat Ganzfeld - blur of the landscape (cf sensory deprivation - brain tries to give you something to hold on to) Picking up on affordances (vs perceiving basic stimuli) - contextual relevance Presence landscape - stand towards you Link up to the object such that it is present to you, such that it makes functional sense to you Orthothogonality of those two landscapes - salience is tying to track presence ----------------NEW333 LEC05 RR -> Fundamental framing (pre egoic, rational, etc) Enable self organizing organisms to care about themselves and derive importance from the environment But partial/polluted info? -> patterns and corelevance of signals -> -> improve their situation in the world -> transcendance Corelevance (crucial): patterns in events (courses) + patterns in conditions (facts) = bidirectional modeling -> Perspectual knowing -> salience landscape (muldimensional dynamical grabbing of attention) -> presence landscape (multiapt stance towards a dynamic network of affordances - anticipation) 300 years of philosophical epistemology -> no source of risk free info/knowledge Not caring about epistemological foundation of realness, focus on phenomenological background this construct is going to model the system and not ground it - foundation it Plato: Unilateral Power -> basis to most derived (I.e. something that depends on smthg else is weaker) E.g. Cup is more real than its shadow (cup has power of it) >>> Reciprocal power -> high number of potential interactions with is environment -> high ability to interact/intervene in the world Nexus of causal and influencial aptness Illusion - realness without feedback Absurdity - realness without way to affected it (unmoved mover) >>> Intelligibility - fitness (recall complexification) Structure of information Attribute vs relational (relational > attribute -> relations betweens relations > relations between attributes) Complex systems - simultaneously int + diff -------> systematicity in information -> tracks reciprocal power ( think of Niels Bohr applying pattern of sola system to atom) Complexification -> systematicity -> reciprocal power (nexi) Intelligibility. Power Depth - confluency of intelligibility (how the notion takes place in the context of yr option network - knowledge) and power (multi aptness of causal and influencal connections of the concept) ------pic Depth landscape - intelligible reciprocal power patterns (assurance) >> meaning = significance Perspectival knowing -> significance landscape -> ability to take a role in the world -> this is RR in action Everything under the scope of the significance landscape is what truly matters to cognitive agents -> new meaning = taking on a new role -> project these landscapes and take on a role and project that on oneself This is not fundamentalism Connecting with other sentient beings -> mind sight resonance (reciprocity) Applying same resonant loop on oneself (befriending oneself) Connecting to abstract notions -> reverence (not worship, more like respect) Connecting to remembrance (memory of oneself) -> making sense of past Consciously sensing connections + unconsciously making connections check the photo Communitas = effective experience of connection with other mind Normative - goodness, realness, beauty Nostalgia - making retrospective sense of the different roles one has taken in the past, etc. Culturally share connections -> distributed cognition Distributed cognition -> so reciprocal power goes up (depth landscape improved) (e.g. sharing experiences) Human culture -> highest level of distributed cognition -> psycho technology = tool to improve network of distributed cognition Kairos - optimal point of intervention ---check photo Symbols: Metaphors - making intelligibility Justice (inherited from distributed cognition) Making metaphors to be able to connect/commune with community/collectivity (only way) Metaphors help to hold information in mind that would be hard to otherwise Metaphors that point to some insights can be formalized by symbols ----------------NEW333 LEC06 Metaphors - illusionary concepts to help get an understanding of abstracts (justice) indiscpensability is diff from metaphysical need Hyperbolic discontining - hyperbolic curve between present and future > future has many more less weighted possibilities > generalised anxiety, ocd - according too much salience to unlikely events >hyperbolic discounting comes from probabilities being greater, events being more salient in present > these nodes form potential courses of action > hyperbolic discounting cannot help with avoiding different paths that might lead to death > propositional knowing > symbolic bundling= symbolising one event to stand for possibilities of events > symbolic distancing - sending money to help vs helping someone present bundling identities together -> assimilating present self to future self > Cf causal continuity > visualizing story of present self -> future self, see climax to see point of inflection (kairos) > narrative enables tracking of complex systems - narrative define causal then imply consequeneces then rederive causal > it is the needed simplification of temporal continuity that avoids combi explo Moreover -> narrative practice hypothesis (hutto) (vs folk psych = belief + desire => behaviour) => narrative enables mind sight. Folk psych is only valid to show weak rational relating, but in real life we need more info = character, setting and plot Attachment - bonding between parent and child is crucial for future life of kid And narrative predicts attachment, narrative helps perspectival shifting > narrative is psychologically indispensible but not metaphysically necessary > narrative is necessary for human cognition Higher order recursive relevance realisation - distributed cognition -------- shows Russon. - pattern theory. Patterns unfold through time => rhythm, diachronic patterns > relation between synchronic and diachronic patterns > patterns within patterns = harmonic patterns > predictions arise since we have incomplete pattern info > think of music as acting upon significance of these relations, we enjoy that since we we can relate music with the musicality of our own frame of thought/mind > making sense! Meaning and purpose = we are fundamentally musical in the way interact in our lives Cerebellum is evolving very quickly Debugs cortex models, gets feedback, integrates/differentiates, transfers heuristics etc... > Cf kiki and bubba Using one ability to PIC up on ones own processing to help pick up on other peoples processing Similarly, using gestures etc. To teach abstracts math, helping brains to meta model, make sense Mirror neurones - canonical neurones Pantomiming -> language (enabled the opened endingness of language vs bird calls with fixed meanings) > improving interaction with world, making sense of the world Abstract patterns between gestures and words etc. Cerebellum picks up on that and meta patterns that. ->>>>>> embodiment is related to this implicit cognition between body and brain This is opposite to the usual utilitarian view Neuraxal integration - vertical int between cortex etc. ------>>>>>> vertical integration between 3 parts of brain ---->>>> hence if we manage a connection on a level, we can bootstrap that connection using vertical integration to other 2 levels and improve mindsight Distributed cognition among people and with different versions of one self Shows integrate all that connectivity We create psycho technologies to manage psycho technologies For example world of sports Souvenirs - Reconstructive memory - keep a set of instructions of men Mythos for integrating all these -> rituals = recursively enhancing relevance realization Marc louis - memoirs Not going deep enough in RR -> rationality -> meta modeling for abstract thinking ----------------NEW333 LEC07 Religio = mythos + religio + logos psychological indiscpensability not metaphysical need neuro integration - bootstrap mindsight Religio vs Credo religion as a belief system is a very western concept carse - religion against belief Credo = etymology: connection with heart. Same for Belief Usage (as per Nicene creed): boundaries, assertions Religio = horizon (complete perspective) -- psy indisp not Phil necessary Involvement (religio) vs statement (credo) Religio is partial, polluted, plethora. Credo is to set boundaries, separate from noise E.g. is someone communicating with God or insane Religio - credo - scienta Cf PIC language games -> grammar, rules to play. Boundaries of agreement Religio manipulating relevance vs Scientia manipulating evidence .......ran out of battery so could not document 2nd half of course... ----------------NEW333 LEC08 Spirituality - self-transcendence incentive - overcome egocentric self delusions Sacredness - ground our view and protect from horror Aporia - loss of intelligibility by imposing transcendence Navel - absurd -> reversing arguments on meaning / relevance >>arguments of absurdity come after the feeling >>they try to express that absurdity Absurdity gap between aspiration and a reality - clash between perspectives From personal perspective to humankind perspective to universal perspective - narrative gap Individuals achievement are most often meaningless compared humankd >>> no connection can be made and RR tries to make connections to make sense Cognition is always shifting between gestalt and feature >> e.g. 9 dot (gestalt = square) needs to break Complexification due to integration / diff (levels of construal -forster) >>>>>>>>>>> cmlexification ( that makes adaptive) is a peranial threat since it induces narrative gap Meaning crisis -> historical causes + perennial threat Being able to appropriate alterity is enabled iff one experiences it through self transcendence Chimp and candy machine -> kid will try to appropriate the other perspective. Tries to become aware of his own perspective by adopting a wider perspective. Appropriating otherness leads to improving metacognition. Self transcendence brings exisgencial purpose Stoicism is internalizing socrates Constantly trying to overcome your perspective Dialectic of self transcendence Not falling into despair when shifting perspectives upwards -->> overcome egocentrism - become cosmopolitan - deeper sense of self Non narrative sense of self --- shifting from narrative identity to ontological id Spinoza -- ethics 3 knowledge= Inferencial - intuitive -->> view whole in parts and parts in whole //// nature of reality is indeed whole (macrocosmic-microcosmic >> think about moment in time being fundamental (all of time collapses to it) - reciprocal power Vellman - way of the wanton --- transparency to opacity shift (instead of looking though the medium and to the message look at medium) >>lose motivation by stepping back >>> reflective gap --- this another perennial threat gestalt - patterns within level Trans to opacity shifting (learning to learn) - stepping back >> hence trans to opa is also adaptive Another perennial threat Marcel - ontological mystery Transframming - (not reframming) is reframming in a flowed manner Pure consciousness event - when stepping back (losing referential message stances) --- purely in cognitive medium --------phenomenological property of consciousness = cannot see the medium >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> cannot frame the framming at one point >>>>>>>>>>>>>> this is the point where the medium transcendends meta ramming Nishitani - religion and nothingness What's beyond our framming is a no-thingness Doesn't mean it can't be scientifically explained!! This is again related to difference between metaphysical necessity and indispensability Side note: Multi dimensional gantzfeld is pure loss of reality This is unique in being the only entity that is truly beyond Complexity of it is beyond us - humbles us lose ego Realisation of a freedom that is inate within us -> ultimate flexibility Going up - flexibility Going down - involvement Cultivation of spontaneity (instead of impulsitivity) when training to merge both going up and going down in a single experience - e.g. tai chi Moving closer to centre brings to light was in non intelligence that generates intelligence (sachness) Its the noncupness of the cup that makes the cup usefull Absurdity is not inferentially driven hence: Psycho technologies are the solutions to these 2 perspectival shifts 3rd one = opacity -> transparency shifting (see through illusion >>>>>>desillusionment (ambivalent meaning: loss of illusion + Again this is a perennial threat = disillusionment gap Wright sensibility (from Murdock - sovereignty of the good) IMPORTANT ---Transframming perspective on situation > to improve flexibility in sensibility Sensibility Transcendence that leads to at-onement - a flow state experience (think of super salience arising in flow state of rock climbing - in states that lead to constant reframming ) >> adaptive state where automaticism flows spontaneously >>>> overcome low level procedures To be in flow situation - feedback must be clear and tightly coupled Hogarth - intuition: result of implicit learning (underlying subconscious learning process) Psychic abilities are resultant of implicit learning > need feedback to be able to gain intuition Most intuition picks up on correlations within pattern, not on causal patterns >> Flow is insight chaining that trains our implicit learning >>> adaptive process (it improves us) Continuity to discrete - modeling knowledge ----------------NEW333 LEC09 entire universe collapses within single moment 3 transcendances Gestalt featural Transp-op Op - trans. __ transframming, create new frame E.g. sensitibility transcendence - feeling of at-onement G-f -- narrative gap / scientia intuitiva T-o -- reflectiveness gap / synergistic complexification process of transop O-t -- disillusionment gap / flow - existencially = deeper version of sensibility Transp-op leads to pure consciousness event But cannot bring framing (consciousness) into our frame At the heart of everything is its non essense - cup thing - by fundamentally integrating our essence and non essence we can reach spontaneity Flow Stone - minimalist notion transcendence To avoid world view atunement (supernatural getting in the way) Tapping into transegoic resources - normal narrative ego is motivated by something else Requirement for flow: Must be challenged slightly beyond limit of skills or no improvement Clear feedback + tight coupling -> no lag between action reaction > small error can be highly disrupted - must be diagnostic > loss of self consciousness - transegoic > sense of powerfulness > sense of intensity and effortlessness (grace = gift) > sense of at onement -- a lot of salience and tracking of affordances is done fluidly and depth in powerful manner >> cascade of insight -> repeated transframming that gains momentum >> insight experience is a little piece of flow Fluency is measuring the fitedness of ones skills/applying info with environment Flow = extended in sight Insight is good cause its bootstrapping you to improve your RR abilities Intuition is the result of implicit learning (subconsciously picking up on patterns) Hence intuition is adaptive, but the downfall is that since its not being consciously directed: No distinction between causal / non causal correlations No access to the realm of possibilities. => Educate our intuition by paying attention to our environmental structure, make sure (increase prob) the feedback leads our implicit learning attach to causal patterns. Flow is a marker of good implicit learning + insight (since insight cascade is going to enable access to realm of possible, you gain insight on new possibilities, then that further increases one's implicit learning) hence flow will lead to improvement in skill acquisition. Flow is not infallible video games are bringing about flow Flow is high spontaneity More common for ppl to have synergistic combo of trans experiences Training in mindfulness abilities (3 shifts) increase possibilities of getting into flow state Fundamental framming 'goes back' with trans op shift, stays beyond reach because, if not, then one would capture all possibilities and this would imply a limit which is contradictory to bootstrapping auto poetic Moreness and suchness of reality Patterns are not in the world or in our minds, they are neither subjective nor objective, they are transjective We want both of the following: Mystical = flow of transframming (numinous self transcendence) -> grows our fundamental framming - accomodation World view atunement -> grows our assimilation abilities Hence we want constant dialectical flow between accommodation and assimilation => that is sacredness Drugs like lsd , psylocibin can generate genuine mystical experience 5 major traits of personality Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Proof that mystical experience was experienced (from lsd) was shown by the fact that openness (usually stable, even decreasing) actually improved! Synergies will bring together simultaneously identification (integration) and differentiation Synergies drive self transcendence via complexification of cognition In mystical experience significance is generated for significance (recursively) - significance of significance = mystical experiences of the dimensions of RR and how that goes into alterations in our significance landscape in a manner that is deeply existencially meaningful to us => ultimate learning to learn (at the highest level of ones fundamental framming) Metanoeia - fundamental transformation from higher order transcendence - synergy of synergy "Feeds back on in itself and goes beyond" In meta noeia self power is synergised with other power Perennial problems with absurdity and alterity <-> historical crisis -> reinforcement of each other to bring about the meaning crisis Christianity -> western civil The trinity symbol is not working for people anymore. Literalism is indispensability with metaphysical necessity => "because it is indispensable to me, then that's the way it is" > confuse phenomenological mystery with scientific inexplicability Indispensability is fulfilling the purpose of ones mind The otherness involved in transcendence is unnatural - "if it's other than me then it's other than everything else in nature" > egocentrism Hence literalism is destroying the purpose of symbols Sacredness is EPIC E - ecstasis P - perspectival, participatory I - intuitively, internalise, integrative?, (identity altering) C - -->? Buddhism has been a psychotechnology of the sacred that has repeatedly rejected supernaturalistic interpretation Buddhism will provide the necessary psychotechnologies to address world view atunement within mystical experience Cognitive science provides a naturalistic construct to explain the three gaps Spirituality = cultivation of sacredness Finally, the confluence of both will enable naturalistic spirituality Sacredness = process to synergize mystical flow, worldview atunement, metanoeia recursivity ----------------NEW333 LEC10 Meaning crisis Mind - body gap Mind - world gap Mind - mind gap confluence of Buddhism and cogsci is a solution, but adaptative Upper paleolithic revolution (60,000 - 30,000 BC) >projectile weapons, calendar, ceremonic burials, art, literacy, >radical change in cognition >but not biological but cultural => shamanism Baldwin effect: (boosters vs busters) > developping new skills -> must learn them -> biological advantage to learn will be selected -> skills will be improved by these more fitted ppl repr. art was very vivid (flickering of flame made horses run in paintings) => cave was psychotechnology concepts in shamanism: soul flight taking identities of animals hypnotisability hypnosis = only self hynosis - other ppl are psychotechs STROOP effect - trans op shift -> deautomatize cognitive procs => improve insight pb solving => adaptive advantage shamanic practices (winkleman - evolutionary pressure) -> these are main psytechs of hunter-gatherer society shamanic state sleep depravation, isolation, self-mutilation, drugs dancing, rhythmic drumming mimesis -> take on roles of animals (~mindsight) climbing pyramid -------> alter consciousness dramatically >perception dissolves into sensation (going into rabbit hole ~ cave) deep trans op shift to gestalt -> flow state -- going through a tunnel and emerging as a bird affords advanced insight deepened mindsight horizontal integration (cerebellum meta patterning dancing/pantomiming/chanting) neuraxal integration (3 levels) animism, totemism -> a lot of integration, loss of boundaries -> by mutilating significance landscape, new links arise between things seemingly unrelated -> lucid dreaming >getting parts of brain talking with each other ~REM shaman heritage - psytechs - 3 layers of world: heaven living hell - detached spirit shamans can pick up intuitively on complex social patterns price to pay: myths and supernatural deeply embedded axial revolution -> birth of philosophy through mutation of cognition - cult of wisdom, ending of suffering >reflective self-awareness >mortality - compassion kong fu tseng, siddharta gautama, socrates, great prophets >literacy helps improve cognition >second order thinking most of suffering is due to ouselves -> we can directly intervine to stop human suffering greece is culturally expanding (geographically...) divine men: >orpheus = very shamanic experience >pythagoras creates philosophia, cosmos - cave birth epsiode -> soul flight - aristotle calls him atypos >socrates - trance state - thinking about thinking - wisdom enables self improvement - shows how recursive thinking (sophists) can be self destructive - natural philosophers > provide proof and knoweldge without wisdom ----truth without relevance - sophists > invente rhetoric => loss of truth => train bullshitting, self bullshitting ----relevance without truth Plato -> ppl respond to induced absurdity of Socrates either very well or polar opposite -> Socrates breaks the significance landscape - pushing them back with repeated questioning -> Socrates aware of his own lack of knowledge -> Socrates doesnt have wisdon (divine) but knows how to reach it - spiritual journey ----------------NEW333 LEC11 3 knowings Perspectival - internalisation Procedural - insight Propositional - inferential Prajna Socrates always in a state of aporia and wonder Reordering of trans formation of the psyche > elenuhus > using rational abilities to constantly reach divine, self improvement Anagoge -> ascent to divine. --- inner peace + contact with reality Heidegar - egocentrism => no credit for ripping off eastern philosophy Thebes defeat Sparta with innovations, Philip of Macedonia takes control and unites Greece, fathers Alexander. Conquers known world, dies then Hellenic period when generals divide territory => domicide - philosophers are physician of the soul - stoics clearly bring self responsibility into light - you are bringing meaning Prosoche - pay attention to way you are thinking Procheiron - internalisation and application >diagnosis = fatality Solutions for 3 gaps > narrative gap (absurdity of life death) -> stoics= view from above - shift to ontological perspective > Reflectiveness gap -> stoics= objective seeing - example: body is a sac, mind is bringing significance to all > disillusionment gap -> stoics= objective seeing premeditation (impermanence, interconnectivity) - Cognitive behavioural therapy comes from Fromm from stoicism > having mode: fulfilling animal, utilitarian desire - manipulate environment / control consumption > extrinsic orientation - I it (utilitarian needs) > being mode: significance of things - expressive identity - value of essence > intrinsic orientation - I thou (developmental needs) Modal confusion -> try to satisfy being needs with having needs -> existential frustration (narrow focus on having mode) Tillick - why did Christianity overtake stoicism? > love - Christians have agape (banquet) -> gods giving / parental love -> comunitas > creating love > making people > agape is ultimate sophrosyne > fore giving - giving first >sophrosyne - internalised significance landscape of the sage so we naturally do the right thing - ta ertotika -----> Buddhist compassion is agapé Metanoia + sophrosyne + agapé = prajna / enlightenment 2 dangers of incorporating Buddhism in west - myopia bias - pragmatic study Meaning crisis <-> interpretation crisis of Buddhism --> interlocked at the level of credo > Buddhism without beliefs > fixation on credo is overshadowing Religio > stuck in having mode How to interpret Buddhism 4 noble truth - JV 4 = inobling provocations All life is suffering Realise that all of your life is dukkha - adaptive processes that make us adaptive make us susceptible to perennial threats Loss of fitedness, gapness -> self destructive Parasitic processing = dhukka - Cf PIC Realise that things are empty Dhukka is caused by selective attachment Your identity will be confused with these Cessation of dhukka Cultivation of prajna will end dhukka The way of cessation is 8 Realise that prajna is a self organising dynamical system Fitedness within fitedness Varela => finds Buddhism within cognitive science - positive psychology framework ( - cognition is inherently developmental - dynamical system of self organising process >action <-> perception 4 E of 1st gen cog sci tho 2nd gen Embodiment -> embededness with body/environment framework Emergence -> mind is not here, it's emerging from interactions -> emergent functions mutate competence -> no self / soul, only natural processes - no substance Emotion -> we care about info because of our economic limitation - heuristic to -> only an autyopoetic system are capable of carring (about one self -> about the info) -> hence compassion is central Excellence -> self transcendence => implicit dharma