% HPSG GRAMMAR (preliminary version) % ============================================================================= % 5 April 1993 % Revised: 11 December 2001 % Gerald Penn, Carnegie Mellon University, gpenn@cmu.edu % Renamed feature gen to gend for SWI parser % Added discontiguity declarations for SICStus :- discontiguous (lex_rule)/2. :- discontiguous (if)/2. :- discontiguous ('--->')/2. % Signature % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ bot sub [bool, case, cat, c_inds, conx, gend, head, ind, list, loc, marking, name, non_loc, non_loc_1, num, mod_synsem, per, pform, qfpsoa, sem_det, sem_obj, sign, set, vform]. bool sub [minus, plus]. minus sub []. plus sub []. case sub [nom,acc]. nom sub []. acc sub []. cat sub [] intro [subcat:list_synsem, head:head, marking:marking]. c_inds sub [] intro [addressee:ref, speaker:ref, utt_loc:ref]. conx sub [] intro [backgr:set_psoa, c_inds:c_inds]. gend sub [fem, masc, neut]. fem sub []. masc sub []. neut sub []. head sub [func, subst]. func sub [det, mark] intro [spec:synsem]. det sub []. mark sub []. subst sub [adj, noun, prep, reltvzr, verb] intro [prd:bool, mod:mod_synsem]. adj sub []. noun sub [] intro [case:case]. prep sub [] intro [pform:pform]. reltvzr sub []. verb sub [] intro [aux:bool, inv:bool, vform:vform]. mod_synsem sub [synsem,none]. synsem sub [] intro [loc:loc, non_loc:non_loc]. none sub []. ind sub [it, there, ref] intro [gend:gend, num:num, per:per]. it sub []. there sub []. ref sub []. list sub [e_list, ne_list, list_quant, list_synsem, list_sign]. e_list sub []. ne_list sub [ne_list_quant, ne_list_synsem, ne_list_sign] intro [hd:bot, tl:list]. list_quant sub [e_list, ne_list_quant]. ne_list_quant sub [] intro [hd:quant, tl:list_quant]. list_synsem sub [e_list, ne_list_synsem]. ne_list_synsem sub [] intro [hd:synsem, tl:list_synsem]. list_sign sub [e_list, ne_list_sign]. ne_list_sign sub [] intro [hd:sign, tl:list_sign]. loc sub [] intro [cat:cat, cont:sem_obj, conx:conx]. marking sub [marked, unmarked]. marked sub [comp, conj]. comp sub [for, that]. for sub []. that sub []. conj sub []. unmarked sub []. name sub [kim,sandy]. kim sub []. sandy sub []. non_loc sub [] intro [inherited:non_loc_1, to_bind:non_loc_1]. non_loc_1 sub [] intro [que:set_npro, rel:set_ref, slash:set_loc]. num sub [plur, sing]. plur sub []. sing sub []. per sub [first, second, third]. first sub []. second sub []. third sub []. pform sub [to, of]. to sub []. of sub []. qfpsoa sub [property, un_relation, bin_relation, tri_relation, control_qfpsoa]. property sub [gender,nom_prop] intro [inst:ref]. gender sub [human,neuter]. human sub [female,male]. female sub []. male sub []. neuter sub []. nom_prop sub [book,red,difficult]. book sub []. red sub []. difficult sub []. un_relation sub [walk,run]. walk sub [] intro [walker:ref]. run sub [] intro [runner:ref]. bin_relation sub [see,hit,naming,composed_of,possess]. see sub [] intro [seer:ref, seen:ref]. hit sub [] intro [hitter:ref, hittee:ref]. naming sub [] intro [bearer:ref, name:name]. composed_of sub [] intro [composite:ref, composition:set_ref]. possess sub [] intro [possessor:ref, possessed:ref]. tri_relation sub [sell,give]. sell sub [] intro [seller:ref, buyer:ref, sold:ref]. give sub [] intro [giver:ref, given:ref, gift:ref]. control_qfpsoa sub [trying, tending, believing, persuading, bothering] intro [soa_arg:psoa]. trying sub [] intro [tryer:ref]. persuading sub [] intro [persuader:ref, persuaded:ref]. tending sub []. believing sub [] intro [believer:ref]. bothering sub [] intro [bothered:ref]. sem_det sub [forall,exists,the]. forall sub []. exists sub []. the sub []. sem_obj sub [nom_obj, psoa, quant]. nom_obj sub [npro, pron] intro [index:ind, restr:set_psoa]. npro sub []. pron sub [ana, ppro]. ana sub [recp, refl]. recp sub []. refl sub []. ppro sub []. quant sub [] intro [det:sem_det, restind:npro]. psoa sub [] intro [quants:list_quant,nucleus:qfpsoa]. sign sub [word,non_word] intro [synsem:synsem, qstore:set_quant, qretr:list_quant]. word sub []. non_word sub [trace,phrase]. trace sub []. phrase sub []. set sub [e_set, ne_set, set_loc, set_npro, set_psoa, set_quant, set_ref]. e_set sub []. ne_set sub [ne_set_loc, ne_set_npro, ne_set_psoa, ne_set_quant, ne_set_ref] intro [elt:bot, elts:set]. set_loc sub [e_set, ne_set_loc]. ne_set_loc sub [] intro [elt:loc, elts:set_loc]. set_npro sub [e_set, ne_set_npro]. ne_set_npro sub [] intro [elt:npro, elts:set_npro]. set_psoa sub [e_set, ne_set_psoa]. ne_set_psoa sub [] intro [elt:psoa, elts:set_psoa]. set_quant sub [e_set, ne_set_quant]. ne_set_quant sub [] intro [elt:quant, elts:set_quant]. set_ref sub [e_set, ne_set_ref]. ne_set_ref sub [] intro [elt:ref, elts:set_ref]. vform sub [bse, fin, ger, inf, pas, prp, psp]. bse sub []. fin sub []. ger sub []. inf sub []. pas sub []. prp sub []. psp sub []. % Constraints % ============================================================================== word cons Word goal (single_rel_constraint(Word), clausal_rel_prohibition(Word)). trace cons synsem:(loc:(cat:(Cat,head:mod:none, subcat:[]), cont:Cont), non_loc:(inherited:(que:e_set, rel:e_set, slash:(elt:(cat:Cat, cont:Cont), elts:e_set)), to_bind:(que:e_set, rel:e_set, slash:e_set))). % Lexicon % ============================================================================== % Personal Pronouns % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- she ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:nom, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(ppro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing, gend:fem), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(female, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. he ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:nom, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(ppro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing, gend:masc), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(male, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. her ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:acc, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(ppro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing, gend:fem), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(female, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. him ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:acc, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(ppro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing, gend:masc), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(male, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. it ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(ppro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing, gend:neut), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(neuter, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. i ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:nom, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:(ref,Ind, per:first, num:sing), restr:e_set), conx:(backgr:e_set, c_inds:speaker:Ind)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. me ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:acc, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:(ref,Ind, per:first, num:sing), restr:e_set), conx:(backgr:e_set, c_inds:speaker:Ind)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. we ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:nom, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:(ref,Ind, gend:neut, per:first, num:plur), restr:(elt:(nucleus:(composed_of, composite:Ind, composition:(elt:Ind2, elts:(elt:Ind3, elts:e_set))), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), conx:(backgr:e_set, c_inds:(speaker:Ind2, addressee:Ind3))), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. us ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:acc, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:(ref,Ind, gend:neut, per:first, num:plur), restr:(elt:(nucleus:(composed_of, composite:Ind, composition:(elt:Ind2, elts:(elt:Ind3, elts:e_set))), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), conx:(backgr:e_set, c_inds:(speaker:Ind2, addressee:Ind3))), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. you ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:(ref,Ind, per:second), restr:e_set), conx:(backgr:e_set, c_inds:addressee:Ind)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. they ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:nom, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(ppro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:plur, gend:neut), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(neuter, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. them ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:acc, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(ppro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:plur, gend:neut), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(neuter, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % Expletive Pronouns % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- there ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, mod:none), subcat:[]), cont:(ppro, index:(there, per:third), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. it ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, mod:none), subcat:[]), cont:(ppro, index:(it, per:third, num:sing), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % Relative Pronouns % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- who ---> word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:nom, mod:none), subcat:[]), cont:(npro, index:Ind, restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(human, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), non_loc:(inherited:(que:e_set, rel:(elt:Ind,elts:e_set), slash:e_set), to_bind:(que:e_set, rel:e_set, slash:e_set))), qstore:e_set. whom ---> word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:acc, mod:none), subcat:[]), cont:(npro, index:Ind, restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(human, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), non_loc:(inherited:(que:e_set, rel:(elt:Ind,elts:e_set), slash:e_set), to_bind:(que:e_set, rel:e_set, slash:e_set))), qstore:e_set. that ---> word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(noun, case:nom, mod:none), subcat:[]), cont:(npro, index:Ind, restr:e_set), conx:backgr:e_set), non_loc:(inherited:(que:e_set, rel:(elt:Ind,elts:e_set), slash:e_set), to_bind:(que:e_set, rel:e_set, slash:e_set))), qstore:e_set. % Proper Names % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- kim ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(naming, bearer:Ind, name:kim), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. sandy ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, mod:none), subcat: [], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(naming, bearer:Ind, name:sandy), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % Common Nouns % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- book ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, mod:none), subcat:[(@ detp)], marking:unmarked), cont:(npro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing, gend:neut), restr:(elt:(nucleus:(book, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_inher), qstore:e_set. person ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(noun, mod:none), subcat:[(@ detp)], marking:unmarked), cont:(npro, index:(ref,Ind, per:third, num:sing, gend:(masc;fem)), restr:e_set), conx:backgr:(elt:(nucleus:(human, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:e_set)), (@ empty_inher), qstore:e_set. % Quantificational Determiners % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- every ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(det, spec:(@ nbar(NPCont))), subcat:[], marking:unmarked), cont:(GQ, det:forall, restind:NPCont), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:(elt:GQ, elts:e_set). a ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(det, spec:(@ nbar(NPCont))), subcat:[], marking:unmarked), cont:(GQ, det:exists, restind:NPCont), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:(elt:GQ, elts:e_set). the ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(det, spec:(@ nbar(NPCont))), subcat:[], marking:unmarked), cont:(GQ, det:the, restind:NPCont), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:(elt:GQ, elts:e_set). % Possessive Pronouns % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- my ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(det, spec:(@ nbar((index:Ind, restr:Restr)))), subcat:[], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:(Ind2, per:first, num:sing), restr:e_set), conx:(c_inds:speaker:Ind2, backgr:e_set)), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:(elt:(det:the, restind:(index:Ind, restr:(elt:(nucleus:(possess, possessor:Ind2, possessed:Ind), quants:[]), elts:Restr))), elts:e_set). % Possessive Clitic % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- s ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(det, spec:(@ nbar((index:Ind, restr:Restr)))), subcat:[(@ np(Ind2), loc:cont:(npro,NPCont))], marking:unmarked), cont:NPCont, conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:(elt:(det:the, restind:(index:Ind, restr:(elt:(nucleus:(possess, possessor:Ind2, possessed:Ind), quants:[]), elts:Restr))), elts:e_set). % Adjectives % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- % attributive %---------------- red ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(adj, prd:minus, mod:(@ nbar((index:Ind, restr:Restrs)))), subcat:[], marking:unmarked), cont:(index:Ind, restr:(elt:(nucleus:(red, inst:Ind), quants:[]), elts:Restrs)), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % predicative %----------------- % tough %----------------- % Verbs % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- walk ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, %n.b. prd not specified - it would mod:none, % pass to sentential complements vform:bse, % which could then not be used aux:minus, % predicatively, e.g. w/ there- inv:minus), % extraposition, pp. 163-173, or % passive lexical rule (at least % as it stands now) subcat:[(@ np(Ind))], %n.b. case not specified for marking:unmarked), % nonfinite forms cont:(nucleus:(walk, walker:Ind), quants:[]), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. see ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:minus), subcat:[ (@ np(Ind1)), (@ np(Ind2), @ case(acc))], marking:unmarked), cont:(nucleus:(see, seer:Ind1, seen:Ind2), quants:[]), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. give ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:minus), subcat:[ (@ np(Ind1)), (@ np(Ind2), @ case(acc)), (@ np(Ind3), @ case(acc))], marking:unmarked), cont:(nucleus:(give, giver:Ind1, given:Ind2, gift:Ind3), quants:[]), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. bother ---> synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:minus), subcat:[(@ s(SCont),loc:cat:marking:comp), (@ np(Ind2))], marking:unmarked), cont:(nucleus:(bothering, bothered:Ind2, soa_arg:SCont), quants:[]), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. try ---> % subject equi word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:minus), subcat:[(@ np(Ind1)), (@ vp(VCont), loc:cat:(head:vform:inf, subcat:[(@ np(Ind1))]))], marking:unmarked), cont:(nucleus:(trying, tryer:Ind1, soa_arg:VCont), quants:[]), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. tend ---> % subject raising word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:minus), subcat:[(loc:Loc,@ np(_)), (@ vp(VCont), loc:cat:(head:vform:inf, subcat:[(loc:Loc)]))], marking:unmarked), cont:(nucleus:(tending, soa_arg:VCont), quants:[]), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. persuade ---> % object equi word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:minus), subcat:[(@ np(Ind1)), (@ np(Ind2), @ case(acc)), (@ vp(VCont), loc:cat:(head:vform:inf, subcat:[(@ np(Ind2))]))], marking:unmarked), cont:(nucleus:(persuading, persuader:Ind1, persuaded:Ind2, soa_arg:VCont), quants:[]), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. believe ---> % object raising word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:minus), subcat:[(@ np(Ind1)), (loc:Loc2,@ np(_), @ case(acc)), (@ vp(VCont), loc:cat:(head:vform:inf, subcat:[(loc:Loc2)]))], marking:unmarked), cont:(nucleus:(believing, believer:Ind1, soa_arg:VCont), quants:[]), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % Auxiliaries % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ can ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:fin, aux:plus), subcat:[ (NP, @ np(_), @ case(nom)), (@ vp(Prop), loc:cat:(head:vform:bse, subcat:[NP]))], marking:unmarked), cont:Prop, conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. to ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:inf, aux:plus, inv:minus), subcat:[(NP, @ np(_)), % n.b. case not specified (@ vp(Prop), % for nonfinite forms loc:cat:(head:vform:bse, subcat:[NP]))], marking:unmarked), cont:Prop, conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. be ---> % ideally, this would be able to handle word, % more than passive verb forms as predicates synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:bse, aux:plus), subcat:[(NP,@ np(_)), (loc:(cat:(head:(vform:pas, aux:minus, % no "be been" prd:plus), subcat:[NP]), cont:Cont))], marking:unmarked), cont:Cont, conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % Complementizers % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ that ---> word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(mark, spec:(@ s(_), loc:cat:(head:vform:( fin ; bse), marking:unmarked))), subcat:[], marking:that), conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % Empty Categories % ============================================================================== % trace introduction %--------------------- empty trace. % wh-null-relativzer %-------------------- empty synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(reltvzr, mod:(@ nbar((index:ModInd, restr:ModRestr)), non_loc:to_bind:rel:(elt:ModInd, elts:e_set))), subcat:[(loc:SubLoc, non_loc:inherited:rel:(elt:ModInd, elts:e_set)), (@ s(SCont), loc:cat:head:vform:fin, non_loc:inherited:slash:(elt:SubLoc, elts:e_set))]), cont:(npro, index:ModInd, restr:(elt:SCont, elts:ModRestr))), non_loc:(inherited:(slash:e_set, que:e_set, rel:e_set), to_bind:(slash:(elt:SubLoc, elts:e_set), que:e_set, rel:e_set))). % SELR form of wh-null-relativzer %---------------------------------- % should be derived by SELR, but cannot until Raising Principle can be % implemented empty synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(reltvzr, mod:(@ nbar((index:ModInd, restr:ModRestr)), non_loc:to_bind:rel:(elt:ModInd, elts:e_set))), subcat:[(@ np(_), loc:SubLoc, non_loc:inherited:rel:(elt:ModInd, elts:e_set)), (@ vp(SCont), loc:cat:(head:vform:fin, subcat:[(loc:SubLoc)]))]), cont:(npro, index:ModInd, restr:(elt:SCont, elts:ModRestr))), non_loc:(inherited:(slash:(elt:SubLoc, elts:e_set), que:e_set, rel:e_set), to_bind:(slash:(elt:SubLoc, elts:e_set), que:e_set, rel:e_set))). % that-null-relativizer %------------------------ % (note: not subject to SELR) empty synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(reltvzr, mod:(@ nbar((index:ModInd, restr:ModRestr)), non_loc:to_bind:rel:(elt:ModInd, elts:e_set))), subcat:[(@ s(SCont), loc:cat:head:vform:fin, non_loc:inherited:slash:(elt:SubSlash, elts:e_set))]), cont:(npro, index:ModInd, restr:(elt:SCont, elts:ModRestr))), non_loc:(inherited:(slash:e_set, que:e_set, rel:(elt:ModInd, elts:e_set)), to_bind:(slash:(elt:(SubSlash,cat:(head:noun, subcat:[]), cont:index:ModInd), elts:e_set), que:e_set, rel:e_set))). % Lexical Rules % ============================================================================== % Finite Verb Formation % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- % regulars: lexical rule pres_3s lex_rule (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(verb, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:Inv, prd:Prd, mod:Mod), subcat:[Sub|SubRest], marking:Marking), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:NL), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) **> (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(verb, vform:fin, aux:minus, inv:Inv, prd:Prd, mod:Mod), subcat:[NewSub|SubRest], marking:Marking), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:NL), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) if pres_3s_act(Sub,NewSub) morphs (X,y) becomes (X,i,e,s), X becomes (X,s). pres_3s_act((NP,@ np(_)),(NP,@ np((per:third,num:sing)),@ case(nom))) if !,true. pres_3s_act(X,X) if true. pres_non3s lex_rule (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(verb, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:Inv, prd:Prd, mod:Mod), subcat:[Sub|SubRest], marking:Marking), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:NL), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) **> (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(verb, vform:fin, aux:minus, inv:Inv, prd:Prd, mod:Mod), subcat:[NewSub|SubRest], marking:Marking), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:NL), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) if pres_non3s_act(Sub,NewSub) morphs X becomes X. pres_non3s_act((NP,@ np(_)),(NP,@ np((per:(first;second);num:plur)), @ case(nom))) if true. % exceptions: lexical entries is ---> % irregular auxiliary word, % ideally, this would be able to handle synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, % more than passive verb forms as predicates mod:none, vform:fin, aux:plus), subcat:[(NP,@ np((per:third,num:sing)),@ case(nom)), (loc:(cat:(head:(vform:pas, aux:minus, % no "is been" prd:plus), subcat:[NP]), cont:Cont))], marking:unmarked), cont:Cont, conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % Passive Formation % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- passive lex_rule (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(verb, vform:bse, aux:minus, inv:Inv, prd:Prd, mod:Mod), subcat:[_, (loc:(cat:(head:(noun, prd:SubPrd, mod:SubMod), % ignore case subcat:[], marking:SubMarking), cont:SubCont, conx:SubConx), non_loc:SubNL)|SubRest], marking:Marking), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:NL), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) **> (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(verb, vform:pas, aux:minus, inv:Inv, prd:Prd, mod:Mod), subcat:[(loc:(cat:(head:(noun, prd:SubPrd, % no case since mod:SubMod), % not fin form subcat:[], marking:SubMarking), cont:SubCont, conx:SubConx), non_loc:SubNL)|SubRest], marking:Marking), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:NL), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) morphs give becomes given, see becomes seen, (X,y) becomes (X,ied), (X,e) becomes (X,ed), X becomes (X,ed). % passive_agent LR goes here, pending analysis of PP's % another passivization rule is also necessary for subcat verbs, % because HPSG assigns accusative case in finite forms. But should this one % be combined with it-extraposition, e.g. "I believe that J. is angry", % "*That J. is angry is believed", "It is believed that J. is angry"? % another passive_"agent" rule is not necessary for subcat, since the % passive rule can apply to the it-extraposed form % It-Extraposition % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- % regulars: lexical rule it_extraposition lex_rule (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(Head,vform:bse), subcat:Sub, marking:Mark), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:NL), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) **> (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:Head, subcat:ExpSub, marking:Mark), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:NL), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) if (append(Prev,[(S,@ s(_),loc:cat:marking:comp)|Rest],Sub), append(Rest,[S],NewRest), append(Prev,[(@ np(it))|NewRest],ExpSub)) morphs X becomes X. % exceptions: lexical entries seems ---> % no sentential subjects allowed word, synsem:loc:(cat:(head:(verb, mod:none, vform:fin, aux:minus, inv:minus), subcat:[(@ np(it)), (@ s(SCont))], marking:unmarked), cont:SCont, conx:backgr:e_set), (@ empty_non_loc), qstore:e_set. % Subject Extraction %---------------------------------------------------------------------------- subject_extraction lex_rule (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:(Head,vform:bse), % should look for reltvzr's subcat:Sub, % also, in order to generate marking:Mark), % SELR version of wh-relativizer cont:Cont, % but that also relies on conx:Conx), % Raising Principle, which non_loc:(inherited:(slash:OldSlash, % cannot be implemented yet. rel:Rel, que:Que), to_bind:ToBind)), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) **> (word, synsem:(loc:(cat:(head:Head, subcat:SESub, marking:Mark), cont:Cont, conx:Conx), non_loc:(inherited:(slash:(elt:SlashLoc,elts:OldSlash), rel:Rel, que:Que), to_bind:ToBind)), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) if (append([Prev|Prevs],[(@ s(SCont),loc:cat:(head:SHead, marking:unmarked), non_loc:(inherited:(rel:SRel, que:SQue), to_bind:SToBind))|Rest],Sub), append([Prev|Prevs],[(@ vp(SCont),loc:cat:(head:SHead, subcat:[(loc:SlashLoc)], marking:unmarked), non_loc:(inherited:(slash:e_set, rel:SRel, que:SQue), to_bind:SToBind))|Rest],SESub)) morphs X becomes X. % Grammar Rules % ============================================================================== schema1 rule (Mother,phrase,synsem:loc:cat:subcat:[]) ===> cat> (SubjDtr,non_word,synsem:SubjSyn), % n.b. only one complement permitted cat> (HeadDtr,phrase), goal> (head_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), inv_minus_principle(Mother), subcat_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[SubjSyn]), marking_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), spec_principle(SubjDtr,HeadDtr), semantics_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[SubjDtr]), % universal_trace_principle: obviated here by parochial parochial_trace_principle(SubjDtr), % subject_condition: not necessary - sch2,3,or word_promotion_1 did nonlocal_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[SubjDtr]), single_rel_constraint(Mother), clausal_rel_prohibition(Mother), relative_uniqueness_principle(Mother,[SubjDtr,HeadDtr]), conx_consistency_principle(Mother,[SubjDtr,HeadDtr]), deictic_cindices_principle(Mother,[SubjDtr,HeadDtr])). schema2 rule (Mother,phrase,synsem:loc:cat:subcat:[SubjSyn]) ===> cat> (HeadDtr,word,synsem:loc:cat:subcat:[SubjSyn|CompSyns]), goal> synsems_to_non_words(CompSyns,Comps), cats> (Comps,hd:FirstComp), goal> (head_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), inv_minus_principle(Mother), subcat_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,CompSyns), marking_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), spec_principle(FirstComp,HeadDtr), semantics_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,Comps), universal_trace_principle(Comps,HeadDtr), % parochial_trace_principle: subject not bound yet subject_condition(CompSyns,SubjSyn), nonlocal_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,Comps), single_rel_constraint(Mother), % clausal_rel_prohibition: not necessary - mother has non-empty subcat relative_uniqueness_principle(Mother,[HeadDtr|Comps]), conx_consistency_principle(Mother,[HeadDtr|Comps]), deictic_cindices_principle(Mother,[HeadDtr|Comps])). schema3 rule (Mother,phrase,synsem:loc:cat:subcat:[]) ===> cat> (HeadDtr,word,synsem:(loc:cat:subcat:(SCompSyns, [SubjSyn|CompSyns]), non_loc:to_bind:slash:e_set)), goal> synsems_to_non_words(SCompSyns,SComps), cats> (SComps,[Subj|Comps]), goal> (head_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), inv_plus_principle(Mother), subcat_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,SCompSyns), marking_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), spec_principle(Subj,HeadDtr), semantics_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,SComps), universal_trace_principle(Comps,HeadDtr), % UTP on FirstComp parochial_trace_principle(Subj), % obviated by parochial subject_condition(CompSyns,SubjSyn), nonlocal_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,SComps), single_rel_constraint(Mother), clausal_rel_prohibition(Mother), relative_uniqueness_principle(Mother,[HeadDtr|SComps]), conx_consistency_principle(Mother,[HeadDtr|SComps]), deictic_cindices_principle(Mother,[HeadDtr|SComps])). schema4 rule (Mother,phrase) ===> cat> (MarkDtr,phrase,synsem:loc:cat:(head:mark, subcat:[])), cat> (HeadDtr,phrase,synsem:non_loc:to_bind:slash:e_set), goal> (head_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), inv_minus_principle(Mother), subcat_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[]), % no comp-dtrs marking_principle(Mother,MarkDtr), spec_principle(MarkDtr,HeadDtr), semantics_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[MarkDtr]), % universal_trace_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs % parochial_trace_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs % subject_condition: not necessary - sch2,3 or word_promotion_1 will nonlocal_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[MarkDtr]), single_rel_constraint(Mother), clausal_rel_prohibition(Mother), relative_uniqueness_principle(Mother,[MarkDtr,HeadDtr]), conx_consistency_principle(Mother,[MarkDtr,HeadDtr]), deictic_cindices_principle(Mother,[MarkDtr,HeadDtr])). schema5a rule (Mother,phrase) ===> cat> (AdjnDtr,phrase,synsem:loc:cat:(head:mod:Mod, subcat:[])), cat> (HeadDtr,phrase,synsem:(Mod, non_loc:to_bind:slash:e_set)), goal> (head_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), subcat_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[]), % no comp-dtrs marking_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), % spec_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs or marker-dtr semantics_principle(Mother,AdjnDtr,[HeadDtr]), % universal_trace_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs % parochial_trace_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs % subject_condition: not necessary - sch2,3 or word_promotion_1 will nonlocal_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[AdjnDtr]), single_rel_constraint(Mother), clausal_rel_prohibition(Mother), relative_uniqueness_principle(Mother,[AdjnDtr,HeadDtr]), conx_consistency_principle(Mother,[AdjnDtr,HeadDtr]), deictic_cindices_principle(Mother,[AdjnDtr,HeadDtr])). schema5b rule (Mother,phrase) ===> cat> (HeadDtr,phrase,synsem:(Mod, non_loc:to_bind:slash:e_set)), cat> (AdjnDtr,phrase,synsem:loc:cat:(head:mod:Mod, subcat:[])), goal> (head_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), subcat_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[]), % no comp-dtrs marking_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), % spec_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs or marker-dtr semantics_principle(Mother,AdjnDtr,[HeadDtr]), % universal_trace_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs % parochial_trace_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs % subject_condition: not necessary - sch2,3 or word_promotion_1 will nonlocal_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[AdjnDtr]), single_rel_constraint(Mother), clausal_rel_prohibition(Mother), relative_uniqueness_principle(Mother,[AdjnDtr,HeadDtr]), conx_consistency_principle(Mother,[AdjnDtr,HeadDtr]), deictic_cindices_principle(Mother,[AdjnDtr,HeadDtr])). schema6 rule (Mother,phrase) ===> cat> (FillDtr,phrase,synsem:(loc:FillLoc, non_loc:inherited:slash:e_set)), cat> (HeadDtr,phrase,synsem:(loc:cat:(head:(verb, vform:fin), subcat:[]), non_loc:(inherited:slash:HeadSlashs, to_bind:slash:(elt:FillLoc, elts:e_set)))), goal> (set_member(FillLoc,HeadSlashs), head_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), subcat_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[]), % no comp_dtrs marking_principle(Mother,HeadDtr), % spec_principle: not necessary- no comp-dtrs or marker-dtr semantics_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[FillDtr]), % universal_trace_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs % parochial_trace_principle: not necessary - no comp-dtrs % subject_condition: not necessary - sch2,3 or word_promotion_1 will nonlocal_feature_principle(Mother,HeadDtr,[FillDtr]), single_rel_constraint(Mother), clausal_rel_prohibition(Mother), relative_uniqueness_principle(Mother,[FillDtr,HeadDtr]), conx_consistency_principle(Mother,[FillDtr,HeadDtr]), deictic_cindices_principle(Mother,[FillDtr,HeadDtr])). word_promotion_0 rule (phrase,synsem:Synsem, qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) ===> cat> (word,synsem:(Synsem,loc:cat:subcat:[], non_loc:to_bind:slash:e_set), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr). word_promotion_1 rule (phrase,synsem:Synsem, qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr) ===> cat> (word,synsem:(Synsem,loc:cat:subcat:[SubjSyn], non_loc:to_bind:slash:e_set), qstore:QStore, qretr:QRetr), goal> subject_condition([],SubjSyn). % no other comps % Macros % ============================================================================== np(Ind) macro % p. 16 loc:(cat:(head:noun, subcat:[]), cont:index:Ind). % this one is NP "sub" i in the book, not NP:i nbar(Cont) macro % p. 46 loc:(cat:(head:noun, subcat:[(@ detp)]), cont:Cont). case(Case) macro loc:cat:head:case:Case. s(Proposition) macro loc:(cat:(head:verb, subcat:[]), cont:Proposition). vp(Proposition) macro loc:(cat:(head:verb, subcat:[synsem]), cont:Proposition). detp macro % p. 45 loc:cat:(head:det, subcat:[]). empty_non_loc macro synsem:non_loc:(inherited:(que:e_set, rel:e_set, slash:e_set), to_bind:(que:e_set, rel:e_set, slash:e_set)). empty_inher macro synsem:non_loc:inherited:(que:e_set, rel:e_set, slash:e_set). % Principles % ============================================================================== % head_feature_principle(Mother,Head-Daughter) %------------------------------------------- head_feature_principle(synsem:loc:cat:head:X,synsem:loc:cat:head:X) if true. % subcat_principle(Mother,Head-Daughter,Comp-Dtr-Synsems) %-------------------------------------------------------------- subcat_principle((synsem:loc:cat:subcat:MSub),(synsem:loc:cat:subcat:HSub), CompSyns) if append(MSub,CompSyns,HSub). % marking_principle(Mother,Mark-Dtr) %------------------------------------------------------- % Mark-Dtr is marker-dtr, if any, o.w. head-dtr marking_principle(synsem:loc:cat:marking:Mark, synsem:loc:cat:marking:Mark) if true. % spec_principle(Spec-Dtr,Head-Dtr) %-------------------------------------------------------- % Spec-Dtr is either mark-dtr or first comp-dtr spec_principle((synsem:loc:cat:head:Head),synsem:HeadSynsem) if specp_act(Head,HeadSynsem). specp_act(subst,_) if % substantive head true. specp_act(spec:X,X) if % functional head true. % semantics_principle(Mother,Semantic-Head,Other-Dtrs) %-------------------------------------------------------- % Semantic-Head is adjunct-dtr, if any, o.w. head-dtr semantics_principle((qstore:MQStore, qretr:MRetr, synsem:loc:cont:MCont), (SHead,synsem:loc:cont:SCont),ODtrs) if qstores_of([SHead|ODtrs],e_set,DQStore), semp_act(SCont,MRetr,MQStore,MCont,DQStore). semp_act((psoa,nucleus:Nucl, quants:SQuants),MRetr,MQStore,(nucleus:Nucl, quants:MQuants),DQStore) if !,set_sublist(MRetr,DQStore,MQStore), % part (a) append(MRetr,SQuants,MQuants). % part (b) semp_act(Cont,[],QStore,Cont,QStore) if % parts (a) and (b) true. % universal_trace_principle(Comp-Dtrs,Head-Dtr) %------------------------------------------------ % The situation of the trace sort in the subsumption hierarchy, and the % type constraints on the participants of schemata guarantee that traces % will only appear as subcategorized elements. The following ensures % that they will only appear as subcategorized by substantives. universal_trace_principle([(trace)|_],HeadDtr) if !,utp_act(HeadDtr). universal_trace_principle([_|Comps],HeadDtr) if universal_trace_principle(Comps,HeadDtr). universal_trace_principle([],_) if true. utp_act((synsem:loc:cat:head:subst)) if % act predicate necessary for true. % proper placement of cut above % parochial_trace_principle(First-Comp-Dtr) %---------------------------------------------- % strict subcategorization: exludes that-trace sentences parochial_trace_principle(trace) if !,fail. parochial_trace_principle(_) if true. % subject_condition(Other-Comp-Dtr-Synsems,Subj-Dtr-Synsem) %------------------------------------------------------------ subject_condition([],non_loc:inherited:slash:e_set) if true. subject_condition([(non_loc:inherited:slash:ne_set)|_],_) if !,true. subject_condition([(non_loc:inherited:slash:e_set)|CompSynRest],SubjSyn) if subject_condition(CompSynRest,SubjSyn). % nonlocal_feature_principle(Mother,Head-Dtr,Other-Dtrs) %-------------------------------------------------------- nonlocal_feature_principle((synsem:non_loc:inherited:(slash:MISlash, que:MIQue, rel:MIRel)), (HeadDtr,synsem:non_loc:to_bind:(slash:HTSlash, que:HTQue, rel:HTRel)), ODtrs) if islashes_of([HeadDtr|ODtrs],e_set,DISlash), iques_of([HeadDtr|ODtrs],e_set,DIQue), irels_of([HeadDtr|ODtrs],e_set,DIRel), set_diff(HTSlash,DISlash,MISlash), set_diff(HTQue,DIQue,MIQue), set_diff(HTRel,DIRel,MIRel). % relative_uniqueness_principle(Mother,Dtrs) %---------------------------------------------- % parochial(certain dialects): constrains the result of non-local feature % principle to prevent parasitic relatives relative_uniqueness_principle(synsem:non_loc:inherited:rel:Rel,Dtrs) if rup_act(Rel,Dtrs). rup_act(e_set,_) if true. rup_act((elt:X,elts:Xs),Dtrs) if rup_elt(Dtrs,X), rup_act(Xs,Dtrs). rup_elt([],_) if true. rup_elt([(synsem:non_loc:inherited:rel:DRel)|DtrsRest],X) if set_member_eq(X,DRel), !,rup_elt_act(DtrsRest,X). % belongs to one daughter rup_elt([_|DtrsRest],X) if rup_elt(DtrsRest,X). rup_elt_act([],_) if true. rup_elt_act([(synsem:non_loc:inherited:rel:DRel)|DtrsRest],X) if (\+ set_member_eq(X,DRel)), rup_elt_act(DtrsRest,X). % but no more than one % conx_consistency_principle(Mother,Dtrs) %------------------------------------------ conx_consistency_principle((synsem:loc:conx:backgr:MBackgr), Dtrs) if backgrs_of(Dtrs,e_set,MBackgr). % deictic_cindices_principle(Mother,Dtrs) %------------------------------------------- deictic_cindices_principle((synsem:loc:conx:c_inds:MCinds), Dtrs) if dcip_act(Dtrs,MCinds). dcip_act([],_) if true. dcip_act([(synsem:loc:conx:c_inds:DCinds)|DRest],DCinds) if dcip_act(DRest,DCinds). % inv_minus_principle(Mother) %--------------------------------- % parochial: if inv exists, it must be minus inv_minus_principle(synsem:loc:cat:head:inv:Inv) if !,imp_act(Inv). % inv is approp. and minus inv_minus_principle(_) if true. % or inapprop. imp_act(minus) if true. % inv_plus_principle(Mother) %--------------------------------- % parochial: if inv exists, it must be plus inv_plus_principle(synsem:loc:cat:head:inv:Inv) if !,ipp_act(Inv). % either inv is approp. or causes failure inv_plus_principle(_) if true. % and succeeds here ipp_act(plus) if true. % single_rel_constraint(Sign) %-------------------------------- % parochial: Rel set can't have more than one element % enforced on words and trace as type constraint; enforced on phrases as % procedural attachment to rules single_rel_constraint(synsem:non_loc:inherited:rel:e_set) if true. single_rel_constraint(synsem:non_loc:inherited:rel:elts:e_set) if true. % clausal_rel_prohibition(Sign) %---------------------------------- % parochial: Sentences must have empty Rel set clausal_rel_prohibition((synsem:non_loc:inherited:rel:e_set)) if % empty Rel true. clausal_rel_prohibition((synsem:(non_loc:inherited:rel:ne_set, loc:cat:head:(func ;adj ;noun ;prep ;reltvzr)))) if true. % not a verb projn. clausal_rel_prohibition((synsem:(non_loc:inherited:rel:ne_set, loc:cat:(head:verb, subcat:ne_list)))) if true. % not a sentence % Utilities % ============================================================================== % union(?set1,+set2,?union) union(e_set,Xs,Xs) if true. union((elt:X,elts:Xs),Ys,Zs) if set_member_eq(X,Ys), !,union(Xs,Ys,Zs). union((elt:X,elts:Xs),Ys,(elt:X,elts:Zs)) if set_select(X,Ys,YsRest), union(Xs,YsRest,Zs). union((elt:X,elts:Xs),Ys,(elt:X,elts:Zs)) if union(Xs,Ys,Zs). set_member(X,(elt:X)) if true. set_member(X,(elts:S)) if set_member(X,S). set_member_eq(X,(elt:Y)) if (X =@ Y). set_member_eq(X,(elts:S)) if set_member_eq(X,S). set_select(X,(elt:X,elts:Xs),Xs) if true. set_select(Member,(elt:X,elts:Xs),(elt:X,elts:Rest)) if set_select(Member,Xs,Rest). % set_select_eq(+member,+set,?rest) set_select_eq(X,(elt:Y,elts:Xs),Xs) if (X =@ Y). set_select_eq(Member,(elt:X,elts:Xs),(elt:X,elts:Rest)) if set_select_eq(Member,Xs,Rest). append([],Xs,Xs) if true. append([H|T1],L2,[H|T2]) if append(T1,L2,T2). % selectors %------------- % in the X_of predicates, testing first for e_set means that if we don't % specify that feature, then, by default, it is the empty set backgrs_of([],MBackgr,MBackgr) if true. backgrs_of([(synsem:loc:conx:backgr:e_set)|DRest],Accum,MBackgr) if backgrs_of(DRest,Accum,MBackgr), !. backgrs_of([(synsem:loc:conx:backgr:DBackgr)|DRest],Accum,MBackgr) if union(Accum,DBackgr,NewAccum), backgrs_of(DRest,NewAccum,MBackgr). qstores_of([],QStores,QStores) if true. qstores_of([(qstore:e_set)|Dtrs],Accum,QStores) if qstores_of(Dtrs,Accum,QStores), !. qstores_of([(qstore:DQStore)|Dtrs],Accum,QStores) if union(Accum,DQStore,NewAccum), qstores_of(Dtrs,NewAccum,QStores). islashes_of([],ISlash,ISlash) if true. islashes_of([(synsem:non_loc:inherited:slash:e_set)|Dtrs],Accum,ISlash) if islashes_of(Dtrs,Accum,ISlash), !. islashes_of([(synsem:non_loc:inherited:slash:DISlash)|Dtrs],Accum,ISlash) if union(Accum,DISlash,NewAccum), islashes_of(Dtrs,NewAccum,ISlash). iques_of([],IQue,IQue) if true. iques_of([(synsem:non_loc:inherited:que:e_set)|Dtrs],Accum,IQue) if iques_of(Dtrs,Accum,IQue), !. iques_of([(synsem:non_loc:inherited:que:DIQue)|Dtrs],Accum,IQue) if union(Accum,DIQue,NewAccum), iques_of(Dtrs,NewAccum,IQue). irels_of([],IRel,IRel) if true. irels_of([(synsem:non_loc:inherited:rel:e_set)|Dtrs],Accum,IRel) if irels_of(Dtrs,Accum,IRel), !. irels_of([(synsem:non_loc:inherited:rel:DIRel)|Dtrs],Accum,IRel) if union(Accum,DIRel,NewAccum), irels_of(Dtrs,NewAccum,IRel). set_sublist([],Set,Set) if true. set_sublist([X|Subs],Set,RestSet) if set_select(X,Set,Rest), set_sublist(Subs,Rest,RestSet). set_diff(e_set,Set,Set) if %first arg should be instantiated, so cut !,true. % in case it isn't, and it should also be subset % of the second set_diff((elt:X,elts:Xs),Set,Diff) if set_select_eq(X,Set,Rest), set_diff(Xs,Rest,Diff). synsems_to_non_words([],[]) if % cut is very important - nothing has !,true. % guaranteed that inputs are sufficiently % instantiated synsems_to_non_words([Syn|Synsems],[(non_word,synsem:Syn)|Signs]) if synsems_to_non_words(Synsems,Signs).